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Rok 1984

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1984 (tytuł oryginalny: Nineteen Eighty-Four) – futurystyczna antyutopia o licznych podtekstach politycznych, napisana przez George’a Orwella i opublikowana w roku 1949. Autor napisał ją pod wpływem kontaktu z praktyczną stroną ideologii komunistycznej, do jakiego po raz pierwszy doszło w Hiszpanii w 1938 roku (w czasie wojny domowej), gdzie pojechał jako dziennikarz i sympatyk strony republikańskiej.

Pierwsze polskie tłumaczenie - Juliusza Mieroszewskiego opublikowane zostało na emigracji w Instytucie Literackim w Paryżu w roku 1953. Do upadku ustroju komunistycznego w Polsce (1989) była to powieść zakazana przez cenzurę, od roku 1980 była jednak publikowana w postaci przedruków z wydania paryskiego w wydawnictwach niezależnych - tzw. "drugiego obiegu". Wszystkie wydania krajowe oficjalne od 1988 r. ukazały się w tłumaczeniu Tomasza Mirkowicza.

Do kultury masowej przeniknęły pewne pojęcia z tej powieści np. Wielki Brat (ang. Big Brother), nowomowa (ang. newspeak) czy unperson (polityk odsunięty od wpływów lub obywatel o wrogich lub nieortodoksyjnych poglądach politycznych).

206 pages, Paperback

First published June 8, 1949

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About the author

George Orwell

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Eric Arthur Blair, better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English author and journalist. His work is marked by keen intelligence and wit, a profound awareness of social injustice, an intense opposition to totalitarianism, a passion for clarity in language, and a belief in democratic socialism.

In addition to his literary career Orwell served as a police officer with the Indian Imperial Police in Burma from 1922-1927 and fought with the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War from 1936-1937. Orwell was severely wounded when he was shot through his throat. Later the organization that he had joined when he joined the Republican cause, The Workers Party of Marxist Unification (POUM), was painted by the pro-Soviet Communists as a Trotskyist organization (Trotsky was Joseph Stalin's enemy) and disbanded. Orwell and his wife were accused of "rabid Trotskyism" and tried in absentia in Barcelona, along with other leaders of the POUM, in 1938. However by then they had escaped from Spain and returned to England.

Between 1941 and 1943, Orwell worked on propaganda for the BBC. In 1943, he became literary editor of the Tribune, a weekly left-wing magazine. He was a prolific polemical journalist, article writer, literary critic, reviewer, poet, and writer of fiction, and, considered perhaps the twentieth century's best chronicler of English culture.

Orwell is best known for the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (published in 1949) and the satirical novella Animal Farm (1945) — they have together sold more copies than any two books by any other twentieth-century author. His 1938 book Homage to Catalonia, an account of his experiences as a volunteer on the Republican side during the Spanish Civil War, together with numerous essays on politics, literature, language, and culture, have been widely acclaimed.

Orwell's influence on contemporary culture, popular and political, continues decades after his death. Several of his neologisms, along with the term "Orwellian" — now a byword for any oppressive or manipulative social phenomenon opposed to a free society — have entered the vernacular.

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